East and West govern schools differently These institutional differences shaped learning losses and recovery Western systems need directed autonomy; Asian systems need lighter admin with teacher discretion One crucial figu

Learning spreads through educator networks Eigenvector centrality pinpoints the hubs to seed first Targeting those hubs speeds recovery systemwide Seventy percent of 10-year-olds in low- and middle-income countries still canno

Coercion hardens Taiwan’s views; education diplomacy builds trust Extend China’s regional magnanimity to Taiwan with visas, credit recognition, scholarships, and joint labs Protect academic freedom, track mobility and co-production, and scale successes to shift opinion

Services trade is increasingly borderless and digital Tariffs miss; data rules, licensing, and standards decide access Train for exportable skills and build trust-based regimes to unlock growth In 2024, the world exporte

Firms under competition cut jobs, switch lines, or move tasks offshore Schools need a skills policy for competition: fast, stackable, portable training Fund future-shaping sectors and track outcomes so workers can switch quickly <

AI is making labor borderless as online services surge Opportunity expands, but standards, audits, and broadband are crucial Schools must teach task-first skills, platform literacy, and safeguards The fastest-growing part of g

Extra information helps only when it adds new, orthogonal signal and is easy to process Central banks and schools should use plain anchors and concrete rules to trigger a Bayesian information update Measure belief shifts, not word counts, and iterate when messages fail to move the posterior

Higher education now behaves like a market good, and price signals matter Governments should fund fewer, stronger universities and tie money to outcomes Demographic decline demands ruthless quality control, clear labeling, and real bridges to opportunity

AI is recomposing jobs, not erasing them Throughput with judgment beats years of experience Schools and employers must teach, verify, and hire for AI-literate workflows Between 60% and 70% of the tasks people perform at wor

Diverse central bank messages help schools manage borrowing and risk Single-voice guidance can harm welfare via the Hirshleifer effect Adopt disciplined plurality: fixed venues, ranges, and scenario-based planning When

AI boosts task productivity, especially for novices AI labor displacement is real but small and uneven so far Protect entry-level pathways and buy for augmentation, not replacement Let's start with a straightforward fact.

AI is erasing junior tasks, widening wage gaps Inside firms gaps narrow; across markets exclusion grows Rebuild ladders: governed AI access, paid apprenticeships, training levies One figure should change how we think

Retail investing is up; teach people to earn the market, not chase alpha. Use low fees, diversification, and cool-off safeguards to curb herding and fraud—especially for seniors Tie curricula to app defaults so good habits are automatic and long-term wealth compounds

Europe isn’t short on capital or degrees; it’s short on TFP The fix is leadership that scales tech, intangibles, and management practice Educators, policymakers, and CEOs should fund intangibles and integrate AI in SME training

Fertility is falling because systems and costs—not desire—make second births hard Peer competition magnifies housing, childcare, and career penalties into a one-child arms race Cap childcare, decouple school access, expand father leave

Cooling classrooms cuts heat-related learning loss but doesn’t reverse falling math scores Pair AC with ventilation, phone-off rules, and morning math blocks for bigger gains Treat HVAC as a policy for instruction and track outcomes to fund what truly boosts achievement

Credible budgets cut inflation Rising defense and debt threaten school funding Multi-year fiscal plans can protect education In May 2010, Greece initiated a significant one-year budget cut in the euro area, reducing i

Forecast errors turned a supply shock into larger welfare losses; “look-through” amplified them Make look-through state-contingent with public shock decompositions and automatic triggers Shield schools via indexed budgets, pooled energy hedging, and efficiency investments that cut volatile costs

Robots should be Europe’s first responder to ageing, handling routine work so people focus on human-only tasks Education must pivot fast—stackable credentials for robot operation, integration, and safety Use migration where irreplaceable in care and teaching; automate the rest to stabilize growth